24
F
r
e
s
e
a
rch
b
r
i
e
f ing
F
www
.a
c
tp
ub
.
c
o.
u
k
The FruITGrOwer • December 2016
S
ummer
c
ov
er
cr
op
r
otations,
c
o
m
post, and v
erm
i-
c
o
m
post
additions
c
an
be
i
m
po
r
tant st
r
at
e
gi
e
s fo
r
t
r
ansition to o
r
gani
c
p
r
od
uc
tion t
h
at
c
an p
r
ovid
e
va
r
io
u
s
be
n
e
fits to
cr
op yi
e
lds,
nit
r
og
e
n availa
b
ility, and ov
er
all soil
he
alt
h
, y
e
t a
re
u
nd
er
-
u
s
e
d
in st
r
a
wberr
y p
r
od
uc
tion inNo
r
t
h
ca
r
olina. r
e
s
e
a
rcher
s at
No
r
t
h
ca
r
olina Stat
e
univ
er
sity
e
val
u
at
e
d six s
ummer
c
ov
er
cr
ops in
c
l
u
ding p
e
a
r
l
m
ill
e
t (
Pennisetum glaucum
), soy
be
an
(
Glycinemax
),
c
o
w
p
e
a (
Vigna unguiculata
), p
e
a
r
l
m
ill
e
t/soy
be
an
in
c
o
mb
ination, p
e
a
r
l
m
ill
e
t/
c
o
w
p
e
a in
c
o
mb
ination, and a no-
c
ov
er
cr
op
c
ont
r
ol,
w
it
h
and
w
it
h
o
u
t v
erm
i-
c
o
m
post additions,
fo
r
t
he
i
r
e
ff
ec
ts on st
r
a
wberr
y g
r
o
w
t
h
, yi
e
lds, n
u
t
r
i
e
nt
u
ptak
e
,
wee
ds, and soil ino
r
gani
c
nit
r
at
e
-nit
r
og
e
n and a
mm
oni
um
-
nit
r
og
e
n (
HortTechnology
).
co
m
post
w
as additionally appli
e
d
be
fo
re
s
ee
ding
c
ov
er
cr
ops and p
re
-plant nit
r
og
e
n f
er
tiliz
er w
as
re
d
uce
d
b
y 67% to
a
cc
o
u
nt fo
r
o
r
gani
c
nit
r
og
e
n additions. Alt
h
o
u
g
h
all
c
ov
er
cr
ops (
w
it
h
c
o
m
post) in
cre
as
e
d soil nit
r
og
e
n l
e
v
e
ls d
ur
ing
st
r
a
wberr
y g
r
o
w
t
hwhe
n
c
o
m
pa
re
d
w
it
h
t
he
no-
c
ov
er
cr
op
t
re
at
me
nt,
c
ov
er
cr
ops did not i
m
pa
c
t st
r
a
wberr
y yi
e
lds in t
he
fi
r
st y
e
a
r
of t
he
st
u
dy. In t
he
s
ec
ond y
e
a
r
, p
e
a
r
l
m
ill
e
t
c
ov
er
cr
op t
re
at
me
nts
re
d
uce
d
total and
m
a
r
k
e
ta
b
l
e
st
r
a
wberr
y yi
e
lds, and
soy
be
an t
re
at
me
nts
re
d
uce
d
m
a
r
k
e
ta
b
l
e
st
r
a
wberr
y yi
e
lds
whe
n
c
o
m
pa
re
d
w
it
h
t
he
no-
c
ov
er
cr
op t
re
at
me
nt,
where
as v
erm
i-
c
o
m
post additions in
cre
as
e
d st
r
a
wberr
y
b
io
m
ass and yi
e
lds.
r
e
s
u
lts f
r
o
m
t
h
is st
u
dy s
u
gg
e
st t
h
at additions of v
erm
i-
c
o
m
post
c
an
be
i
m
po
r
tant s
u
staina
b
l
e
soil
m
anag
eme
nt
st
r
at
e
gi
e
s fo
r
t
r
ansitional and
cer
tifi
e
d o
r
gani
c
st
r
a
wberr
y
p
r
od
uc
tion. S
ummer
c
ov
er
cr
ops int
e
g
r
at
e
d
w
it
h
c
o
m
posts
c
an p
r
ovid
e
c
onsid
er
a
b
l
e
soil nit
r
og
e
n,
re
d
uc
ing f
er
tiliz
er
n
ee
ds,
bu
t
h
av
e
va
r
ia
b
l
e
re
spons
e
s on st
r
a
wberr
y, d
e
p
e
nding
u
pon
t
he
sp
ec
ifi
c
c
ov
er
cr
op sp
ec
i
e
s o
r
c
o
mb
ination. T
he
s
e
p
r
a
c
ti
ce
s a
re
s
u
ita
b
l
e
fo
r
b
ot
h
o
r
gani
c
and
c
onv
e
ntional
st
r
a
wberr
y g
r
o
wer
s and
w
ill
be
n
e
fit f
r
o
m
long
er
-t
erm
st
u
di
e
s
t
h
at ass
e
ss t
hem
fo
r
yi
e
lds and ot
her
be
n
e
fits,
b
ot
h
individ
u
ally
and in
c
o
mb
ination.
by Dr DavidPennell
r
e
s
e
a
rch
b
r
i
e
fing
cov
er
cr
ops,
c
o
m
post, and v
erm
i-
c
o
m
post
u
s
e
in st
r
a
wberr
i
e
s inNo
r
t
h
ca
r
olina
Diff
u
s
e
fl
e
s
h
-
br
o
w
ning inhon
e
y
cr
isp and lo
w
t
em
p
er
at
ure
s d
ur
ing f
ru
it-g
r
o
w
t
h
bl
ueberr
y f
ru
it-d
r
op-asso
c
iat
e
d vi
ru
s
m
u
ltipl
e
typ
e
s of fl
e
s
h
-
br
o
w
ning
c
an o
ccur
in sto
r
ag
e
in
hon
e
y
cr
isp appl
e
s. P
re
di
c
ting its o
ccurre
n
ce
is
h
ind
ere
d
b
y
diff
er
ing d
e
finitions of t
he
typ
e
s of
br
o
w
ning, an in
c
o
m
pl
e
t
e
u
nd
er
standing, and t
he
diffi
cu
lty of ass
e
ssing
h
a
r
v
e
st
m
at
ur
ity. In 2013, of t
he
hon
e
y
cr
isp f
ru
it g
r
o
w
n,
h
a
r
v
e
st
e
d
ov
er mu
ltipl
ewee
ks, and sto
re
d inmain
e
andminn
e
sota,
uSA, andOnta
r
io andQ
uebec
, canada,
b
y
re
s
e
a
rcher
s fo
r
all a
re
as, it
w
as fo
u
nd t
h
at only t
he
Q
uebec
-g
r
o
w
n f
ru
it
d
e
v
e
lop
e
d diff
u
s
e
fl
e
s
h
-
br
o
w
ning
(HortScience
).
A d
e
tail
e
d
c
o
m
pa
r
ison s
h
o
we
d t
h
at t
he
Q
uebec
-g
r
o
w
n
f
ru
it diff
ere
d in siz
e
,
bu
t not in ot
her
q
u
ality att
r
i
bu
t
e
s, f
r
o
m
f
ru
it of t
he
ot
her
lo
c
ations. T
he
Q
uebec
-g
r
o
w
n f
ru
it
e
xp
er
i
e
n
ce
d lo
wer
t
em
p
er
at
ure
s d
ur
ing a
c
tiv
e
f
ru
it g
r
o
w
t
h
and
ce
ll siz
ew
as in
cre
asing
u
p to
h
a
r
v
e
st. Analys
e
s of
c
li
m
at
e
data f
r
o
m
2009 to 2015 indi
c
at
e
d t
h
at a
ccumu
lat
e
d
g
r
o
w
ing d
e
g
ree
days (GDD) 50 to 60 days aft
er
f
u
ll
b
loo
m
c
o
u
ld a
cc
o
u
nt fo
r
31% of t
he
va
r
iation in diff
u
s
e
fl
e
s
h
-
br
o
w
ning, and s
e
asonal GDD l
e
v
e
ls
be
lo
w
500 a
re
asso
c
iat
e
d
w
it
h
a g
re
at
er
lik
e
li
h
ood of inj
ur
y. F
ru
it t
h
at
e
x
h
i
b
it
e
d diff
u
s
e
fl
e
s
h
-
br
o
w
ning
h
ad
h
ig
her m
agn
e
si
um
and
lo
wer
f
ruc
tos
e
l
e
v
e
ls t
h
an
u
naff
ec
t
e
d f
ru
it. As t
he
s
e
me
as
ureme
nts
werem
ad
e
aft
er
br
o
w
ning
w
as ass
e
ss
e
d, t
he
ti
m
ing of t
he
ons
e
t of t
he
s
e
ch
a
r
a
c
t
er
isti
c
s in
re
lation to
br
o
w
ning
c
annot
be
d
e
t
erm
in
e
d.
r
e
s
e
a
rcher
s at O
re
gon Stat
e
univ
er
sity
h
av
e
d
e
s
cr
i
be
d a
n
ew
DNA vi
ru
s isolat
e
d f
r
o
m
bl
uecr
op
b
l
ueberr
y plants
e
x
h
i
b
iting f
ru
it-d
r
op sy
m
pto
m
s and na
me
d “bl
ueberr
y f
ru
it-
d
r
op-asso
c
iat
e
d vi
ru
s” (bFDaV) (
Plant Disease
).
bl
ueberr
y f
ru
it-d
r
op dis
e
as
ew
as fi
r
st d
e
t
ec
t
e
d in
b
l
ueberr
y
plants in b
r
itis
h
col
umb
ia, canada in t
he
lat
e
1990s, and in a
singl
e
fi
e
ld in no
r
t
her
nwas
h
ington Stat
e
, uSA in 2012.
Inf
ec
t
e
d
bu
s
he
s a
b
o
r
t n
e
a
r
ly 100% of t
he
i
r
f
ru
it a
b
o
u
t t
hree
wee
ks p
r
io
r
to
h
a
r
v
e
st,
whe
n t
he
berr
i
e
s a
re
a
b
o
u
t 3
mm
to
5
mm
in dia
me
t
er
. At
h
a
r
v
e
st, t
he
inf
ec
t
e
d plants app
e
a
r
tall
er
t
h
an
he
alt
h
y on
e
s as t
here
is no f
ru
it
we
ig
h
ing do
w
n t
he
br
an
che
s. bas
e
d on t
he
g
e
no
me
siz
e
and o
r
ganization, and
p
h
ylog
e
n
e
ti
c
s, bFDaV is p
r
opos
e
d as t
he
n
ewe
st and la
r
g
e
st
member
of fa
m
ily
Caulimoviridae
. In
m
apping pa
r
t of a fi
e
ld
w
it
h
f
ru
it-d
r
op sy
m
pto
m
s, t
herew
as al
m
ost p
er
f
ec
t
c
o
rre
lation
be
t
wee
n t
he
p
re
s
e
n
ce
of t
he
vi
ru
s and t
he
sy
m
pto
m
s.
